高考英语阅读理解的四类题型

1. 主旨题

主旨题主要考查学生对所读材料中心思想的概括。做这类题时，考生应通读全文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同时注意文章的主题句，因为主题句表达中心思想，其他句子均围绕主题句进行展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句等地方，阅读时对这些地方要特别关注。主旨题的考查形式很多，如概括标题、主题、中心思想等。

2. 细节题

顾名思义，细节题既指针对文章的某个细节而设置的试题。细节题的命题方法很多，如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查、也可能是将文章中的几个细节(通常是四个)放在一起要求考生判断是非(选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项)或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时，一个常用的方法就是运用定位法，即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比较从而确定答案(此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换)。如下面是某年高考英语阅读文章的第A篇中的一段：

Tristan da Cunhat discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海军上将) of the same name in 1506 and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.

It can be learned from the text that the island of Tristan da Cunha ________.

A. was named after its discoverer  

B. got its name from Holland settlers

C. was named by the British government  

D. got its name from the Guinness Book of Records

此题答案应选A，其依据是匘iscovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name，其关键词是 the same name。

3. 推断题

即根据某个事实或前提推断结论，如推测生词词义就是一种典型的推断题。比如，若文章中有这样一句：He studies geology, or the science of the earth’s crust. 我们根据文章中的 or(也就是说)可以推断出 geology 与 the science of the earth’s crust(研究地壳的科学)同义。又如：

Mark spent the night on the buoy(浮标). In the early morning he fell asleep. He was having a bad dream when a shout woke him up. A ship, the Good Hope, came up and he climbed onto it and thanked the captain. The captain told him that John had been picked up by another ship and the ship’s captain had sent out a message. “Without the message, I would not have found you on the buoy.” he said.

The word he in the last sentence refers to________.

A. the captain that got the message             B. the captain that sent the massage

C. John                                                            D. Mark

此题答案应选 A，根据 he said 前引号内的句子可知 he 应该指的是“收到信号的那位船长”，并非“发出信号的船长”。

4. 推理题

即要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题属于主观性极强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。此时应特别注意：当问及作者的看法、意图与态度时，不要误认为是在问“你”(考生)的想法，而是作者本人在字里行间所表述的观点。如：

Maybe ten-year-old Elizabeth put it best when she said to her father. “But, Dad, you can’t be healthy if you’re dead.”

Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt—a mistake 75% of the US population make every day. The big question is why.

Why did Elizabeth say to her father, “But, Dad, you can’t be healthy if you’re dead?

A. He was driving at great speed. B. He was running across the street.

C. He didn’t have his safety belt on.    D. He didn’t take his medicine on time.

10岁的女儿对父亲说：“爸爸，你若死了，也就不可能健康了。”女儿为什么这样说呢？下文告诉我们：父亲匆匆忙忙在天黑之前开车赶回家，以便跑步锻炼身体，但却在开车回家时忘记系安全带。显然女儿是在责备父亲未系安全带开车(即答案选 C)。